Learn More About Carolina Dogs / American Dingos with our Video

'Carolina Dogs - The American Dingos' and 'Honey the Dixie Dingo Dog'

bottom land swamps and forests of the Southeastern United States.

If "That looks just like MY dog!" is your first reaction to the photos above, then perhaps you're fortunate enough to own a living piece of history. a CAROLINA DOG. also called the American Dingo, the Dixie Dingo, the Southern Dingo, the Native American Dog, the Indian's Dog, the Southern Aboriginal Dog, and just plain Ol' Yaller Dog!

During the last 30 years, the capture and study of free-ranging dogs in remote areas of South Carolina and Georgia has revealed the existence of dogs of primitive appearance fitting the typical long-term pariah (i.e, primitive/dingo) morphotype. These Carolina Dogs physical appearance suggests a dog created by and preserved through natural selection to survive in the remote lowland swamp and forest land regions of the southeastern United States, They closely resemble types of dogs first encountered by Europeans near Indian settlements in the region as is evidenced by paintings, drawings and written descriptions made by these early explorers and settlers.

These Carolina Dogs have been brought into a captive breeding program. Several behavioral traits have been discovered that appear unique to these Carolina dogs, and many behaviors labeled as primitive are consistently manifested. Such behaviors include pack hierarchy, communal pup rearing, regurgitation for pups, and organized, cooperative hunting.

Preliminary mitochondrial DNA testing performed by the University of South Carolina's College of Science and Mathematics shows a possible strong genetic link between Carolina Dogs and other primitive breeds like the Australian Dingo..

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Facts About Dingos

Dingos are wild canines found primarily in Australia, though some scattered groups have been located in Southeast Asia as well. They were introduced to the island continent over 3,500 years ago, but the animal's exact origin is in dispute.

For centuries, the scientific consensus has been that the dingo arrived in Australia with Asian seafarers, according to Laurie Corbett, author of "The Dingo in Australia and Asia" (Cornell, 1995). However, a 2011 study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B proposed that the dogs walked across a land bridge much earlier, anywhere between 4,600 and 18,300 years ago.

Dingos are medium-size dogs — 3.5 to 4 feet (1.1 to 1.2 meters) long from head to tail. The tail adds another 12 to 13 inches (30 to 33 centimeters) to their length. Typically, dingos weigh 22 to 33 lbs. (10 to 15 kilograms), according to National Geographic, and males are usually larger than females.

Most dingos are usually a reddish-orange color. Some black and white or black and tan dingos do exist, though rare.

Dingos live throughout western and central Australia in forests, plains, mountainous rural areas and desert regions. The make their dens in rabbit holes, caves or hollow logs, according to the University of Michigan's Animal Diversity Web (ADW).

Dingos are social creatures that live in groups called packs, though some dingos choose to live alone. A pack usually has around 10 members. They travel together and hunt together, but rank is highly contested. A dominant female and her mate lead the pack, with the dominant male as the ultimate pack leader. The dominant female kills the offspring of the other females in the pack. The members of the pack take care of the dominant female’s young, according to ADW.

Dingos are territorial, however they don’t usually fight over territory with other packs. Though dingos typically stay around their birthplace, they can travel 6.0 to 12.4 miles (10 to 20 kilometers) per day looking for food within their territory, according to ADW.

Dingos are the largest land predator in Australia and are considered apex predators ("top of the food chain"). For the most part, dingos are carnivores that eat meat, but they also eat fruit, grains and nuts at times. Small to medium game is usually what’s on the menu. A typical meal for a dingo includes a rodent, rabbit, bird or lizard, according to National Geographic.

Once a year, females typically give birth to around five offspring after a gestation period of around 63 days. Baby dingos are called pups. At 6 to 8 weeks, the pups are fully grown and ready to separate from their mother. At 3 years, they find a mate and often mate for life, according to ADW. Dingos typically live around 13 years.

Classification/taxonomy

The taxonomy of the dingo has been inconsistent for more than two centuries. The animal was first called Canis dingo in 1793. The name changed several times as researchers tried to fit it into the evolutionary tree of dogs. The current taxonomic name is Canis lupus dingo, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), meaning it is considered a subspecies of the wolf (just as the domestic dog is Canis lupus familiaris).

However, some experts have proposed that isolation, genetic drift and natural selection have led the dingo to become a unique species. A 2014 study in the Journal of Zoology noted many physical differences between wolves, domestic dogs and dingos. The researchers argue that the name Canis dingo should be resurrected.

According to ITIS, this is the current taxonomy of the dingo:

Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Bilateria

Infrakingdom: Deuterostomia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Infraphylum: Gnathostomata

Superclass: Tetrapoda

Class: Mammalia

Subclass: Theria

Infraclass: Eutheria

Order: Carnivora

Suborder: Caniformia

Family: Canidae

Genus: Canis

Species: Canis lupus

Subspecies: Canis lupus dingo

Conservation status

Dingos interbreed with domestic dogs and produce hybrids. Hybridization, or crossbreeding is a significant threat to the long-term persistence of dingos, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). As a result, dingos are listed as vulnerable. The IUCN admits, though, that it is difficult to distinguish hybrids from pure dingos and that the actual population numbers are not known. It is believed that the population is decreasing. According to National Geographic, possibly more than a one-third of southeastern Australia's dingos are hybrids.

Dingos are protected in national parks, World Heritage areas, aboriginal reserves and the Australian Capital Territory. However, the dingo is considered a pest elsewhere, and bounties for dingo skins and scalps exist in some regions, according to the IUCN.

Though not endangered, the dingo has made other species endangered. It has been blamed for the extinction of bandicoots, macropodids (the family of kangaroos and wallabies) and rat-kangaroos in certain areas of Australia.

Other facts

Dingos do not bark, but they do howl like wolves, according to the Australia Zoo.

Dingos are an important food source for some people in Asia. They are also used for medicinal purposes, according to Corbett.

In Australia, there is a Dingo Fence, 3,307 miles (5,322 km) long, to keep dingos away from sheep, according to ADW.

Editor's Recommendations

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Alina Bradford is a contributing writer for Live Science. Over the past 16 years, Alina has covered everything from Ebola to androids while writing health, science and tech articles for major publications. She has multiple health, safety and lifesaving certifications from Oklahoma State University. Alina's goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible. To date, she has been a volunteer firefighter, a dispatcher, substitute teacher, artist, janitor, children's book author, pizza maker, event coordinator and much more.

Dingo

Information and Pictures

This is Lindy, a Dingo raised as a pet. Photo courtesy of Nic Papalia, photo taken by Jamie Sciban

Other Names

Australian Dingo

Australian Native Dog

Maliki

Warrigal

Noggum

Mirigung

Boolomo

Description

The Dingo has intense eyes that vary in color from yellow to orange. The very mobile, small, rounded ears are naturally erect. The well furred, appearing bushy, tail is relaxed and has good length. The hindquarters are lean and muscular. The coat is soft. Its length, density, and texture vary according to climate. Typical coat colors are yellow-ginger, but can occur in tan, black or white, including an occasional brindle; albinos have also been seen. All purebred Dingoes have white hair on their feet and tail tip.

Temperament

The Dingo is a breed that has never been fully domesticated. It is almost never kept as a companion. This is partly due to its remote isolation, but also through lack of human intervention. Untrained Dingoes are unsuitable child companions and cannot easily be obedience trained. Obedience training is best accomplished by kindness, patience, and a firm but gentle hand. Dingoes can be kept as pets if they are taken from the litter before 6 weeks of age. At this young age they can be tamed, but once over 10 weeks they should not be taken out of the wild. If properly trained and cared for the Dingo can make a very nice, unique pet. They are said to be able to perform agility and general obedience. The Dingo has some unusual traits—a great tree climber and at times a bit aloof, but these are interesting traits and are in the same category as the Dingo’s nearest cousins, the New Guinea Singing Dog and the Finnish Spitz, but displaying the same characteristics. They do not have the same degree of tooth crowding and shortening of the jaw that distinguish dog breeds from their ancestor, the Indian Plains Wolf. Also like the wolf, the female Dingo has only one breeding cycle each year. Unlike dogs, the Dingo chooses a mate for life, sometimes mourning itself to death after the loss of its partner. Often a litter of pups is found in the hollow of a tree, totally protected from all sides, with the dam guarding the front. Even so, pups frequently fall prey to snakes. Families of Dingoes can be heard vocalizing together before a hunt. They have strong cooperative instincts and live in packs. These groups habitually hunt by night. They work silently and only learn to bark from association with other canines. They communicate by a distinctive yelp or howl. The Dingo may hunt alone or in family units, but rarely in packs. Water is a barrier to Dingoes and most will only wade, not swim. Wild Dingoes shy from man and have reverted to the wild. To survive in the wilderness, they have learned to play possum, shamming death. The Dingo rarely shows aggression. Years of persecution have developed a flight rather than bite temperament. Male Dingoes kept as pets are very restless during breeding season. Puppies and breeding season is around May/June. As of right now puppies are only available inside Australia and not for export, however this may change as Dingo fanciers push to educate people about this unique animal. Puppies cost from $500 -$1000 Australian. A Dingo Farm in Australia has over 100 dingoes and is breeding the dog to ensure it is around for prosperity in the 'pure bloodline.' Owners of the Dingo need to display a natural authority. Calm, but firm, confident and consistent with the rules. Proper communication is essential.

Height, Weight

Height: 19 - 23 inches (48 - 58.5 cm)

Weight: about 50 - 70 pounds (23 - 32 kg)

However, dogs up to 120 pounds (55 kg) are documented.

Health Problems

Living Conditions

The Dingo is not recommended for apartment life. They are wild dogs that if taken into a family, must not be chained up in a backyard, but should be taken in as part of the family. A securely fenced enclosure is a must. A Dingo needs activity and space. As pets they should not be taken off the leash in a park. They can withstand hot climates.

The Dingo is an undomesticated animal that should get plenty of exercise. When in captivity they need to be taken on a daily, long walk or jog, to satisfy their natural migration instinct.

Life Expectancy

Can live to be over 20 years of age.

Litter Size

About 1 to 10 puppies, average of 5

The Dingo's weather-resistant coat takes care of itself. This breed has no doggie odor.

The Dingo is a wild animal brought to Australia by primitive man in the semi-domesticated state about 4,000 years ago. It is believed that the Dingo is the ancestor of all dog breeds, the base stock of the 600 true dog breeds. The dogs and people made their trek before Australia was cut off from the mainland and surrounded by water. Captain William Damphier, who wrote of the wild dog in 1699, first officially noted the Dingo. Originally kept by some Australian native groups as an emergency source of food. A direct descendant of the original pariahs from the Middle East and southeastern Asia, the Dingo became savage and returned to the wild. With the European's introduction of domestic sheep and rabbit, the Dingo population flourished. Because of the Dingo's preying on man's livestock, the relationship between the two has been untidy and quarrelsome. Man's interference in Australia's perfectly balanced ecology has been essentially blamed on the Dingo. Today a few people are now concerned with the native dog as a "living fossil" and are working toward studying and preserving him. The Australian Native Dog Training Society, based in New South Wales, has raised and trained many Dingoes. Their members put them on display and hold obedience and trick demonstrations and the society's motto is "A Fair Go For Our Dingoes." These dogs re-domesticate quite easily if raised from a young age by a family, but retain the pariah traits of flight and wariness. In many areas of Australia he is still considered vermin and cannot legally be kept. Other areas have stringent permit requirements. The Australian Federal Government classifies the Dingo as wildlife and it may not be exported except from and to registered and approved wildlife parks and zoos. Dingoes are very rare outside Australia. Today the Dingo is not considered a true dog, but are classified as their own unique canine species with the scientific name of canis lupus dingo.

Recognition

ACA = American Canine Association Inc.

ANKC = Australian National Kennel Club

APRI = American Pet Registry, Inc.

CKC = Continental Kennel Club

DRA = Dog Registry of America, Inc.

NKC = National Kennel Club

Talli the Dingo at 8 years old standing on a fallen log—"She is the most cherished part of our family."

Lindy, photo courtesy of Nic Papalia

Lindy, photo courtesy of Nic Papalia, photo taken by Jamie Sciban

Note from Nic Papalia—"I have a DVD in the making specifically to give a factual and realistic impression and perspective about a wonderfully friendly pet. Dingoes make great pets!"

Lindy, photo courtesy of Nic Papalia

Lindy, photo courtesy of Nic Papalia, photo taken by Jamie Sciban

Phoenix the Dingo at 2 1/2 years old from Australia—"Most amazing creature we have ever had the honour of owning. Talk about Intelligent, smart, affectionate and gentle! Most importantly they're NOT, and I Quote 'NOT a DOG'! Training, HUH good luck, yeh you can teach them some things but talk about *Independent Minded! Your life/lifestyle Must change. You soon learn what's dingoes, is dingoes and what's yours is dingoes haha. But I have fallen in love"

Phoenix the Dingo at 2 1/2 years old from Australia

Phoenix the Dingo at 2 1/2 years old from Australia

Phoenix the Dingo at 2 1/2 years old from Australia

Phoenix the Dingo at 2 1/2 years old from Australia

Photo courtesy of the Dingo Farm

Breeders

The Material contained herein may not be reproduced without the prior written approval of the author. Contents & Graphics Copyright © Dog Breed Info Center® (C) 1998- . All Rights Reserved. Our work is not Public Domain.

Dingochamp, rumänska hundar, Dinos blogg

adoptera hund, Rumänien, Marit Anderzén

Hej å välkommen!

Under namnet Dingochamp samlas mina kreativa hundprojekt i olika former, färger och material. Man kan säga att jag gör hundifierad konst inspirerad av tama vildhundar från rumänska städer och byar. Det är nämligen så jag lever – i samspel med tama vildhundar från Rumänien. Vår vardag kretsar primärt kring tre saker: jakten på mat, vaktande av reviret och en snudd på dumdristig lojalitet inom flocken.

Mitt fria måleri skildrar förvildade husdjur i det rumänska samhället och de starka band som djur och människa kan utveckla när människan lär sig möta djuret på djurets villkor. Vid beställning av porträttmålning lämnar Dingochamp 5 % av vinsten till Save the Dogs kastreringsprojekt av gatuhundar i Rumänien.

Om du vill läsa om enögda Don Dino’s vardagliga vedermödor, anpassningen till svenne-livet, neckwrestlingen med Cobran och jakten på det ultimata kadavret så är du välkommen att göra det i Dinos blogg.

Hemsidan bjuder också på en del matnyttigheter om rumänska hundar, det är nämligen inte bara roligt att ha ett överdrivet gatuhundsintresse.

Varmt välkomna till Dingochamps hundifierade värld!

Adoptionsguiden, tips och råd till dig som vill adoptera hund (PDF).

Dingo, Hund der weiten Steppe

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Dingo Facts: Lesson for Kids

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What Is a Dingo?

What type of dog doesn't like to bark? The answer is a dingo. A dingo is Australia's wild dog, and it communicates with other dingoes by howling, not barking. Because it's a wild dog, it's not a dog that lives with people; instead, it lives outdoors by itself or in a small pack with about ten other dingoes.

What Do Dingoes Look Like?

A dingo weighs about 20 to 30 pounds, and its body is about three-and-a-half to four feet long. It has a pointed nose and pointed ears that stick up above its head. When you look at a dingo, you might think it looks a lot like a dog with a long and bushy tail, or maybe even a dog mixed with a fox because of its red coat.

Where Do Dingoes Live?

Dingoes are originally from Asia. When people started moving from Asia to Australia, they took dingoes with them. Today, Australia, which is a small continent that lies below Asia, is the best place to find these wild dogs.

Dingoes seem to be just as happy living alone as in a group. They like to roam around and can be found living in the woodlands, grasslands and deserts because that's where the animals they prey on live.

What Do Dingoes Eat?

If you invited a dingo to a picnic, it might bring one of its favorite foods, such as a rabbit, mouse, bird or lizard. If a pack of dingoes went hunting for dinner, they might go for a bigger meal, such as a kangaroo or wallaby. They might even attack animals that people keep on farms, like sheep, so farmers sometimes think of dingoes as pests.

As you can see, dingoes eat a lot of meat, but they will also eat some plants and berries if they get hungry.

What Is Their Life Cycle Like?

Like domestic dogs, these wild dogs have litters of pups. A typical litter will have about five pups, but it can have fewer or more than that.

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A mother dingo carries the babies for two months before giving birth. A baby dingo depends on its mom's milk for the first six to eight months of its life. After that, both parents go out and hunt to provide meat for their pups. To teach their pups how to hunt, the parents might bring home prey that is still alive so the pups can learn to catch dinner on their own.

Pure breed dingoes are wild dogs, but they have been known to breed with domestic dogs, which creates an animal that is a mix between a dingo and a dog.

In the wild, a dingo will live to about five or six years of age, but it can live to be 15 years old in captivity.

Lesson Summary

A dingo is an Australian wild dog with a pointed nose, pointed ears and a bushy tail. Dingoes like to eat animals, such as rabbits, mice, birds, lizard, kangaroos and wallabies, but will also eat plants and berries. Dingo pups depend on their mothers' for milk for the first six to eight months of their lives.

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Volume 293, Issue 3

An updated description of the Australian dingo (Canis dingo Meyer, 1793)

M. S. Crowther ,

Mathew Samuel Crowther, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Tel: +61 2 9351 7661; Fax: +61 2 9351 4119

Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia

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Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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First published: 27 March 2014 Full publication history

DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12134 View/save citation

Cited by (CrossRef): 32 articles Check for updates

Editor: Andrew Kitchener

A sound understanding of the taxonomy of threatened species is essential for setting conservation priorities and the development of management strategies. Hybridization is a threat to species conservation because it compromises the integrity of unique evolutionary lineages and can impair the ability of conservation managers to identify threatened taxa and achieve conservation targets. Australia's largest land predator, the dingo Canis dingo, is a controversial taxon that is threatened by hybridization. Since their arrival <5000 yBP (years Before Present) dingoes have been subject to isolation, leading to them becoming a unique canid. However, the dingo's taxonomic status is clouded by hybridization with modern domesticated dogs and confusion about how to distinguish ‘pure’ dingoes from dingo-dog hybrids. Confusion exists because there is no description or series of original specimens against which the identities of putative hybrid and ‘pure’ dingoes can be assessed. Current methods to classify dingoes have poor discriminatory abilities because natural variation within dingoes is poorly understood, and it is unknown if hybridization may have altered the genome of post-19th century reference specimens. Here we provide a description of the dingo based on pre-20th century specimens that are unlikely to have been influenced by hybridization. The dingo differs from the domestic dog by relatively larger palatal width, relatively longer rostrum, relatively shorter skull height and relatively wider top ridge of skull. A sample of 19th century dingo skins we examined suggests that there was considerable variability in the colour of dingoes and included various combinations of yellow, white, ginger and darker variations from tan to black. Although it remains difficult to provide consistent and clear diagnostic features, our study places morphological limits on what can be considered a dingo.

Introduction

A sound understanding of the taxonomy of threatened taxa is essential for setting conservation priorities and the development of species management strategies (Mace, 2004). A poor understanding of species taxonomy can hamper biodiversity conservation efforts by preventing the identification of unique evolutionary units, particularly if the species of potential conservation concern possesses morphological traits that are similar to those of closely related species (Daugherty et al., 1990). This is particularly true in canids where separate lineages easily hybridize and produce fertile offspring (Roy et al., 1994). Without the taxonomic tools to identify unique evolutionary lineages, it may not be possible to make accurate population estimates of species, identify threatened taxa or develop management strategies to enhance the conservation status of threatened taxa (Bacon & Bailey, 2006).

Australia's largest land predator, the dingo (also known in Australia as wild dog), is an example of a controversial taxon that is threatened by hybridization with domestic dogs. Based on molecular (Savolainen et al., 2004) and archaeological evidence (Gollan, 1984), dingoes have been present on the Australian continent for at least 3000–5000 years. Genetic evidence suggests that dingoes originated from domestic dogs from East Asia (Oskarsson et al., 2011). Since its arrival in Australia and prior to the arrival of European colonists, the dingo had been subject to at least 3000 years of isolation from other canids, and presumably had been subject to genetic drift, and natural selection, leading to it become a unique canid (Corbett, 1995).

Recent research has documented the positive role that dingoes have on biodiversity conservation through their regulation of trophic cascades (Letnic, Ritchie & Dickman, 2012). In particular, dingoes appear to benefit species threatened by invasive red foxes, owing to their suppressive effects on fox abundance. However, efforts to harness the ecological interactions of dingoes are hampered by the uncertain taxonomy of the dingo (Letnic et al., 2012). In particular, the dingo's taxonomic status is clouded by hybridization with feral dogs and confusion about how to distinguish ‘pure’ dingoes from dingo-dog hybrids (Radford et al., 2012).

The poor taxonomic discrimination of dingoes from their hybrids with feral dogs is of particular concern as dingoes and dingo/dog hybrids are considered major pests to agriculture because they kill livestock, and current policies in some jurisdictions of Australia aim to exterminate dingo-dog hybrids, but conserve dingoes (Letnic et al., 2012). Confusion exists, in part, because the scientific description of Canis dingo (Kerr, 1792; Meyer, 1793) is based on a rudimentary picture (Fig. 1) and brief description included in the journal of Australia's first colonial governor, Arthur Phillip (Mazell & Phillip, 1789), and there is no surviving original specimen against which the identities of putative hybrid and ‘pure’ dingoes can be assessed. The dingo was first named as Canis antarticus (Kerr, 1792) based on the picture and description given by Arthur Phillip (Mazell & Phillip, 1789). However, a subsequent description of C. dingo based on the same material was given by Meyer (1793). The name C. antarticus was suppressed in favour of C. dingo because the latter name was in common usage [International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) 1957 ]. Since its initial description, other names have been proposed for the dingo such as C. familiaris australasiae (Desmarest, 1820), C. australiae (Gray, 1826), C. dingoides (Matschie, 1915) and C. macdonnellensis (Matschie, 1915).

‘Dog of New South Wales’ from Mazell & Phillip (1789) .

Although the dingo has been subject to various reclassifications and changes in nomenclature, debate remains over what morphological characters can be used to distinguish dingoes, feral dogs and their hybrids (Jones, 2009; Radford et al., 2012). Visual assessment of external characters is the most common technique for classifying dingoes, feral dogs and their hybrids. This approach relies upon the use of expert knowledge to identify traits that distinguish dingoes from hybrids. However, Elledge et al. (2008) found some corroboration between classifications made through genetic and skull analysis methods, but none between either analytical method and visual assessment. Similarly, Newsome & Corbett (1985) could not distinguish between individuals classified using skull measurements as dingoes or dingo-dog hybrids on the basis of their coat coloration. Newsome, Corbett & Carpenter (1980) and Newsome & Corbett (1982) used measurements of skull morphology to discriminate dingo, dog and hybrid skulls, but did not know the level of hybridization within the dingo samples. Molecular studies that have attempted to discriminate between the genotypes of dingoes and their hybrids have used captive animals held by breeders of dingoes, but it was unknown to what extent that selection by breeders may have influenced the genotypes of captive dingoes, or indeed if hybrids existed in the pedigrees of the captive animals (Wilton, Steward & Zafiris, 1999). In summary, current methods to classify dingoes, feral dogs and dingo-dog hybrids based on morphology, pelage and genetics appear to have poor discriminatory abilities because natural variation within dingoes is poorly understood; further, it is unknown if hybridization may have altered the genome and phenotypes of the 20th and 21st century reference specimens.

A better description of the dingo, based on specimens that are unlikely to have been influenced by hybridization, is required to provide a benchmark against which to assess the identities of dingoes in Australia. Such a description would assist conservation and wildlife managers to classify dingoes and to understand how the morphology of contemporary wild Canis differs from pre-European dingoes. The purpose of this paper is to provide that description.

Materials and methods

Because Australia was colonized by Europeans in 1788 and was only sparsely inhabited by European settlers prior to 1900 CE (Common Era) (Powell, 1991), we assumed that dingoes collected prior to this date would be less likely to have been influenced by hybridization with domestic dogs. We searched the collections of museums held in Australia, Europe and the US to locate dingo specimens that were known to or likely to pre-date 1900 CE. The sample of 69 dingo skull specimens and six skin specimens we subsequently located included specimens taken by collectors in the 19th century and specimens collected from archaeological and paleontological deposits where museum data indicated that they pre-dated 1900 (Supporting Information Table S1).We used radiocarbon (C 14 ) dating to determine if specimens from cave deposits that lacked data on their context pre-dated 1900 (Supporting Information Table S2). Radiocarbon dating for specimens from the Western Australian Museum Palaeontology collections, 76.9.385, 76.9.384, 65.12.104, B3227b, B3227a, was completed at Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Miami, Florida.

The selection of domestic dog C. familiaris specimens we examined included breeds of similar size to dingoes which are, or have frequently been used as stock-working dogs and hunting dogs in Australia and thus could reasonably be expected to have interbred with dingoes. These breeds included Australian cattle dogs, kelpies, collies and greyhounds, and included specimens used by Newsome et al. (1980).

Measurements

We took skull measurements with digital callipers (to the nearest 0.01 mm) based on measurements given in Corbett (1995), Macintosh (1975) and Von Den Driesch (1976) (Table 1, Fig. 2). Additional measurements of Indian wolves were obtained from Gollan (1982). Measurements for total dingo series are given in Table 2.

Skull measurements used on dingo series.

Pelage coloration was recorded both from skins collected in the 19th century which showed little discoloration from preservation or age, and from 18th century artists' representations of dingoes and early explorers and colonists' reports of dingo coloration. We based the coloration and markings criteria on Elledge et al. (2008).

Diagnosis of dingoes from dogs

We first used stepwise discriminant function analysis to identify suitable measurements for the separation of dingoes from dogs, producing a subset of 12 measurements for further analysis. We then used a principal component analysis of variables, standardized by size by dividing each measurement by the geometric mean of all the measurements of that specimen (Mosimann, 1970), to investigate separation between dogs and dingoes. We used canonical variates analysis to quantify the separation of dingoes from dogs. We then compared each individual dingo measurement to those of dogs using analysis of covariance, with skull length as the covariate. To enable easier diagnosis, and allowing for size, we plotted each measurement against the total skull length.

Differences from the wolf Canis lupus

The dingo differs from the wolf C. lupus, including the smaller Indian wolf C. lupus pallipes, in being smaller in size in all measurements (mean wolf condylobasal length = 207.10 ± 2.10 s.e., mean pre-1900 CE dingo condylobasal length = 176.89 ± 1.39; t₉₀ = 12.10, P < 0.001). Dingoes also have more variable pelage coloration, such as black and tan variants, which are not found in wolves. Corbett (1995) shows separation of wolf skulls from dingo skulls using canonical variates analysis, but does not give any scores, and included the larger northern European and American wolves rather than the Asian wolves from which dingoes were thought to be derived (Oskarsson et al., 2011).

Differences from domesticated dogs C. familiaris

There is some separation between dingoes and domesticated dogs along PC2 in the size-adjusted principal component analysis (Fig. 3), which accounts for 63.1% of the total variance (Table 3). This is mainly composed of a contrast between maximum post-orbital width and opisthion to inion length with crown length of the first incisor and viscerocranium length (Table 3). Canonical variates analysis did show some separation for the non-size-adjusted measurements for domesticated dogs and dingoes (Fig. 4), with differences largely resulting from a contrast of viscerocranium length and maximum maxillary width with condylobasal length, length of cheektooth row and plate length (Table 4).

Plot of factor scores on first two axes of size-adjusted principal component scores on pre-1900 CE dingoes and domestic dogs.

Canonical variate scores separating pre-1900 CE dingoes from domestic dogs.

The dingo differs from the domestic dog C. familiaris and its hybrids by restriction of pelage colours to combinations of yellow, black and white, and in skull measurements including relatively larger palatal width (Fig. 5a,c,g,j, Table 5), relatively longer rostrum (Fig. 5e,f,i,k, Table 5), relatively shorter skull height (Fig. 5b,d, Table 5) and relatively wider top ridge of skull (Fig. 5h, Table 5).

Bivariate plots comparing pre-1900 CE dingoes with domestic dogs with maximum skull length as X axis (a) maximum maxillary width, (b) height of back of skull to inion on base of skull, (c) distance between the posterior alveolar rims, (d) basal crown length C 1 , (e) length of the cheektooth row, (f) maxillar distance, (g) palate length, (h) width of top ridge, (i) length of nasal area, (j) premaxillary length, (k) distance C 1 –P 4 , (l) crown length of first incisor.

Note that owing to the enormous variation in dog phenotypes, dog breeds used in the analysis were restricted to those of similar size and structure to dingoes.

Differences from other ‘dingo forms’

Note that the following canids are considered by some authors as actual dingoes with some geographical variation (Corbett, 1985, 1995). Others recognized them as separate forms (Gollan, 1982).

1 Different from the New Guinea singing dog Canis hallstromi by its greater height at the withers (Koler-Matznick et al., 2003). It resembles the New Guinea singing dog in most other morphological characteristics (Koler-Matznick et al., 2003).

2 Different from Thai pariah dogs, as defined by Corbett (1985), by being larger in cranial (total skull length of pre-20th century dingoes 189.0 mm ± 1.8; Thai pariah dog male = 179.5 mm ± 3.1, female = 173.2 mm ± 3.6) and external measurements (Corbett, 1985).

Description

Dingoes are dog-like and possess a fairly broad head, tapered muzzle, erect ears and a bushy tail (Kerr, 1792; Fig. 6). Relative to similar-sized domestic dogs, dingoes have longer and more slender muzzles. The 19th century dingoes we examined, like wolves but unlike many dogs, do not possess dewclaws on the hind legs (Ciucci et al., 2003). Dingoes can have five basic pelage colours: yellow, brown, ginger/red, black and white (Cairns, Wilton & Ballard, 2011). These colours occur in various combinations and 19th century skin specimens included animals that are entirely white (Fig. 6), entirely yellow/brown (Fig. 6), entirely black, yellow with white patches (Fig. 6), particularly at the tip of the tail and ankles (Fig. 6), and yellow with black fur along the dorsal parts of the body (sable, Fig. 6). The original specimen of C. dingo (Fig. 1) illustrated in Mazell & Phillip (1789) was uniformly brown on its dorsal surface, with the face, underparts and feet being white (Kerr, 1792). Other pre-1800 paintings included colours such as dark brown, reddish brown, and sandy with sabling (Supporting Information Figure S1).

Colour variation in museum specimens of dingoes: (a) ginger collected between 1801 and 1803 (MNHN_2 M 2010.671), (b) sable collected 1820 (MNHN_2 M 2010_672), (c) black collected in the early 19th century (BMNH 50.11.30.22), (d) black collected in 1856 (C1829), (e) sable collected in 1842 (BMNH 1842.9.19.1), (f) white collected in the late 19th century (BMNH 1939.1697). Specimens (a) and (b) are from the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; (c), (e) and (f) are from the Natural History Museum, London; and (d) is from the Museum Victoria.

The specimen of C. macdonnellensis (Matschie, 1915) ZMB 22418 at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, and the specimen of C. familiaris australasiae (Desmarest, 1820) at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, were both predominantly yellow with some dark fur along the dorsum (sabling).

Historical records describing dingo colours are scant, and mostly not detailed (Elledge et al., 2006). The earliest report of a dingo from 1697 is of a ‘yellow-dog’ near Jurien, Western Australia (Abbott, 2008). Collins (1798) reported dingoes in the Sydney region as ‘two colours, the one red with some white about it, and the other quite black’. Explorer Mitchell (1839) reported a ‘small black native dog’ in northern central New South Wales in 1832. Historical descriptions of dingoes from Western Australia during the period 1826–1890, compiled by Abbott (2008), include red, yellow, black, black and white, white, tan and tawny animals.

Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA

Mitochondrial variation at the control region is posited to be low in dingoes, with over 50% of animals sampled in previous studies having a control region haplotype, A29, with all other samples only differing by one base pair (Savolainen et al., 2004; Oskarsson et al., 2011). This haplotype was shared with dogs from East Asia, South-East Asian islands and Arctic America (Savolainen et al., 2004). Similarly, only two Y-chromosome haplotypes (H3 and H60) were found in dingoes, the first shared with south-east Asian dogs and the second derived from Taiwanese haplotypes, shared only with the New Guinea singing dog (Ardalan et al., 2012). More recently, dingoes have been found to exhibit a unique chromosome haplogroup characterized by one single-nucleotide polymorphism and 14 single tandem repeats (Sacks et al., 2013).

Discussion

We have provided a morphological description of the dingo based on specimens and information that are unlikely to have been influenced by hybridization with domestic dogs. By providing a description for the dingo, our study provides a benchmark against which the identities of canids can be assessed. Using our description, it is now possible to classify canids in Australia as dingo-like based on morphological grounds.

Diagnosing the dingo

Diagnosing what constitutes a dingo remains difficult due to the overlap in morphological characters with domestic dogs, localized adaptations in dingoes and morphological variation through time (Radford et al., 2012). Identification of diagnostic morphological characters is also difficult, especially when there is more variation within the domestic dogs in shape and size than in the whole Canidae (Drake & Klingenberg, 2010). Our morphological analyses showed that there is considerable overlap between domestic dogs and dingoes for most morphological characters. This was particularly the case for some Australian breeds, such as the Australian cattle dog, which are thought to have dingo ancestry (Arnstein, Cohen & Meyer, 1964). A similar degree of overlap in shape exists between North American wolves and closely related husky dogs (Clutton-Brock, Kitchener & Lynch, 1994).

Consistent with previous studies, a broad cranium, widening of the palate and shortening of the rostrum were characteristics separating domestic dogs from dingoes (Newsome et al., 1980; Newsome & Corbett, 1982). Previous studies have regarded widening of the palate and shortening of the rostrum as indicators of domestication in dogs (Clutton-Brock, 2012). The 19th century skin specimens we examined possessed erect ears and a bushy tail. These characteristics were considered to be typical traits of dingoes in the original description given by Kerr (1792) and also in subsequent studies (Corbett, 1995; Elledge et al., 2008). Pre-20th century dingoes lacked dewclaws on the hind legs (Clutton-Brock, Corbet & Hills, 1976; Ciucci et al., 2003).

The range of coat colours that can occur in dingoes is a controversial subject, with some authors only accepting black, and black and tan dingoes (Macintosh, 1975; Newsome & Corbett, 1985; Jones, 2009), while others only accepting yellow or light brown (ginger) and rejecting animals with dark dorsal fur (sable) (Elledge et al., 2008). The small sample of 19th century dingo skins and 18th century illustrations of dingoes we examined shows that there was considerable variability in the colour of dingoes, and that their coloration was not restricted to just yellow and white animals, but also included various combinations of yellow, white, brown and black. The range and combinations of coat colours in these skins and illustrations were consistent with historical accounts from the 19th century and observations of dingoes made by Newsome & Corbett (1985). Markings such as white spots restricted to feet, chest spot, neck flash, underbelly and tail tip, as used by the Australian National Kennel Council in the dingo breed standard (http://www.ankc.org.au/Breed_Details.aspx?bid=103), are not recorded in most early accounts, and are not present in all pre-1900 CE skins or illustrations.

The presence of individuals with sable pelage (dark dorsal coloration and lighter lateral coloration: Fig. 6b,d) in the sample of 19th century skins suggests that this coloration is not necessarily indicative of hybridization as has been suggested by previous authors (Corbett, 1995; Elledge et al., 2008). The sample of skins and illustrations we examined did not include animals with brindle coloration. Brindle, dingo-like dogs appear in the historical record from the 1890s, and could plausibly be the result of hybridization, particularly as it is a colour pattern found in greyhounds, which were brought into Australia in 1788 and are not found in most older dog breeds (Cairns et al., 2011). However, the small sample size of specimens we examined does not allow inferences to be made as to whether brindle individuals are dingo-dog hybrids or dingoes.

C. lupus dingo, C. familiaris dingo or C. dingo?

There has long been a confusion regarding the identities and classification of wild mammal species and their descendent domestic forms (Gentry, Clutton-Brock & Groves, 1996). Many authors classify domesticates as subspecies of the species from which they are thought to be descended (Wilson & Reeder, 2005). Following Corbett (1995), most recent authors quote the dingo as C. lupus dingo on the assumption that they, along with domestic dogs, were descended from a common ancestor, the grey wolf C. lupus. However, recent research has suggested that C. lupus is a species complex, which contains distinct clades and cryptic species (Aggarwal et al., 2007; vonHoldt et al., 2011), and that C. familiaris and C. dingo do not fall within any modern wolf clade (Freedman et al., 2014). In addition, as domesticated forms do not fall into the definition of subspecies, the ICZN has recommended retaining the different specific names for wild and domesticated animals and naming wild ancestors of domesticates using the first available specific name based on a wild population (ICZN, 2003). Hence, we argue that because the ancestry of the dogs and dingoes is unknown, and because the dingo was first described as a distinctive wild form and differs from wolves, New Guinea singing dogs and domestic dogs in many behavioural, morphological and molecular characteristics (Macintosh, 1975; Corbett, 1995; Wilton et al., 1999), and they are effectively reproductively isolated in undisturbed natural environments and thus like C. hallstromi can be considered a distinct taxon (Koler-Matznick et al., 2003). Furthermore, because the dingo was first described as C. dingo Meyer 1793, and this decision was later upheld by ICZN (1957), we propose that C. dingo is the correct binomial.

Conservation and management

Our study reveals that the pelage criteria used in previous studies to diagnose dingoes (Newsome & Corbett, 1985; Elledge et al., 2008) do not encompass the morphological variation present in pre-20th century specimens. Many managers currently cull animals they believe to be hybrids based on pelage coloration. In particular, animals with sable pelage are frequently culled because they do not conform with previous criteria used to define dingoes (M. Letnic, pers. obs.). Our findings suggest that such culling may be unwarranted because animals with this coloration appear in the illustrations and skin specimens from 18th and 19th centuries (Fig. 6). Indeed, there is a risk that the use of pelage to diagnose dingoes may result in humans selecting for yellow dingoes because this common colour morph of dingoes is widely perceived as being the colour of ‘pure’ dingoes (Elledge et al., 2006). The next step for the conservation and integrity of dingoes is to define characters to separate dingoes from hybrids, allowing for natural selection and recognizing the variation naturally present in dingoes.

Acknowledgements

We thank the many staff from museums for providing access to their collections. Funding was provided by the Asia Pacific Science Foundation. Kylie Cairns and Chris Dickman commented on a draft. Anna Feit translated German texts.

Article Information

Format Available

© 2014 The Zoological Society of London

apex predators;

conservation;

dogs;

hybridization;

size;

taxonomy

Publication History

Issue online: 26 June 2014

Version of record online: 27 March 2014

Manuscript Accepted: 25 February 2014

Manuscript Revised: 20 February 2014

Manuscript Received: 26 June 2013

Asia Pacific Science Foundation

Supporting Information

Figure S1. Pre-1800 paintings of Australian dingoes. (a) A portrait of a large ‘Dog from New Holland’ by George Stubbs, 1772, (b) ‘Dog of New South Wales’ from White, J. (1790), Journal of a voyage to New South Wales. London: J. Debrett. (c) ‘A native dog’ from Woodthorpe, V & Barrington, George, 1755-1804. History of New South Wales (1802). A native dog. Published by M. Jones, [London](Paternoster Row). (d) ‘A wild Dog or Dingo of New South Wales’ watercolour on paper, watermarked ‘1794 by J Whatman’. Volume 01: New South Wales drawings (‘The Lambert Drawings’), Acknowledgements. Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales.

Table S1. List of pre-1900 CE dingo specimens used in analyses.

Table S2. Dates of previously undated dingo cave specimens.

Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

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1 Linda Behrendorff , Grant Belonje , Benjamin L. Allen , Intraspecific killing behaviour of canids: how dingoes kill dingoes, Ethology Ecology & Evolution , 2018 , 30 , 1, 88 CrossRef

2 Daniel O. Hunter , Malgorzata Lagisz , Viyanna Leo , Shinichi Nakagawa , Mike Letnic , Not all predators are equal: a continent-scale analysis of the effects of predator control on Australian mammals, Mammal Review , 2018 Wiley Online Library

3 Damian S. Morrant , Christopher N. Johnson , James R. A. Butler , Bradley C. Congdon , Biodiversity friend or foe: land use by a top predator, the dingo in contested landscapes of the Australian Wet Tropics, Austral Ecology , 2017 , 42 , 3, 252 Wiley Online Library

4 Loukas Koungoulos , Canis dingo and the Australian smaller-fauna trend: A new explanatory model integrating ecological data, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports , 2017 , 14 , 38 CrossRef

5 Arian D. Wallach , Daniel Ramp , Adam J. O’Neill , Cattle mortality on a predator-friendly station in central Australia, Journal of Mammalogy , 2017 , 98 , 1, 45 CrossRef

6 T. Cremona , M. S. Crowther , J. K. Webb , High mortality and small population size prevent population recovery of a reintroduced mesopredator, Animal Conservation , 2017 , 20 , 6, 555 Wiley Online Library

7 Andrew A. Burbidge , Ian Abbott , Mammals on Western Australian islands: occurrence and preliminary analysis, Australian Journal of Zoology , 2017 , 65 , 3, 183 CrossRef

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Dingo

Dingo er en vill hund.

anatomi: Dingo er en stor . Hanner er 48 til 58 cm hшy. Tжver er 46 til 56 cm hшy. Hanner er 23 til 32 kilo. Tжver er 22 til 31 kilo. har store oppreiste шrer. Bena er normalt relativt lang. Dingo har en relativt vanlig form. Halen er kort og hengende. Denne har en lidt lang nжse. Pжlsen pе dingo er halvlang.

Forskelligartet fakta om : Forventet liv for en dingo er 16 til 21 еr. Dette er ogsе omtalt som Canis lupus dingo, warrigal. Engelske navn pе er Dingo.

er hypoallergenisk. Dem, der fеr allergiske reaktioner af hunden bшr vжre opmжrksomme pе, at en hypoallergenic hund ogsе kan forеrsage allergiske reaktioner. Allergener fra hund fundet i pels, spyt, urin, slim og hеrrшtter Celler, der falder af dyret.

Hunde kan vжre mistжnksom og vagt over fremmede. Ikke aggressive over for andre hunde.

Dingo tilhшrer gruppen primitive . Disse har ibeholdt egenskaber fra urhunden.

Dingo kommer fra Asien.

Dingo foto

Brug vores sшgefunktion og find en hund race som passer dig.

Red Dingo halsbånd

Fint og enkelt halsbånd fra Red Dingo.

Det perfekte halsbånd til hunde i alle størrelser!

Halsbåndet er lavet i super stærkt og holdbart nylon, hvor alle syninger er forstærket.

Utroligt nemt at give af og på, ved hjælp af det smarte kødbensformet snaplås der gør halsbåndet ekstra sødt.

Her kan du finde det perfekte halsbånd til små og store hunde!

Fint og enkelt halsbånd fra Red Dingo.

Et rigtig godt og funktionelt halsbånd, som kan udvides efter behov.

Halsbåndet er lavet i super stærkt og holdbart nylon, hvor alle syninger er forstærket.

Utroligt nemt at give af og på, da det er med den lille snaplås, som i øvrigt er formet som et søde lille kødben.

Det er helt perfekt til hvalpen eller den lille hund.

Halsbånd fra Red Dingo er lavet i nylon. Som er kraftig vævet nylon, så halsbåndende kan klare meget slidtage. Enderne er lavet så der ikke er nogen skarpe kanter, som kan give slidtage på hundens pels eller hud.

Snapspænderne er formet som kødben, som udover det sjove design, er kvaliteten fantastisk, så du kan åbne og lukke det hundredevis af gange.

Justerbar fra 20-32 cm (selv små hvalpe kan passe dette halsbånd)

Small 15 mm x 24-36 cm

Medium 20 mm x 31-47 cm

Large: 25 mm x 41-63 cm

Gigant: 40mm x 50-80 cm

NB: Hvis ikke du har en hund der er stor nok til Gigant-størrelsen, så kan vi anbefale at bruge det som livrem i stedet - her er både solid, kødbensformet snaplås og en D-ring, hvori du kan hænge godbidstaske og hømhøm-poseholder!

Der er endnu ikke nogen anmeldelser her. Vi vil være glade for hvis du vil anmelde som den første.

Dingo

Dingo дr en vill hund.

Dingo tillhцr den primitiva grupp hundar. Pari hundar дr inte detsamma som primitiva hundar (urhundar).

Dingo kommer frеn Asien.

дr hypoallergenisk. Hund som ger mindre eller inte alls, eller som har samma pH som mдnniskohеr vanligtvis ge en mildare allergisk reaktion, men allergi kan aldrig fцrvдnta sig att hitta en hund som aldrig kommer att ge upphov till allergiska reaktioner.

Hundar kan vara misstдnksam och pе sin vakt цver frдmlingar. Normalt inte aggressiv mot andra hundar.

anatomi: Dingo дr en stor . Manliga hundar дr sе hцg som 48 til 58 cm hшy. Honor дr sе hцg som 46 til 56 cm hшy. Manliga hundar vдger 23 til 32 kg tunga. Honor vдger 22 til 31 kg tunga. har stora stеende цron. Benen дr vanligtvis ganska lеng. Dingo har en ganska gemensamma byggnad. Halen дr kort och hдngande. Dessa hundar har en lеng nдsa. Pдlsen pе dingo дr halvlеng.

Mer information om : Fцrvдntat еlder fцr en dingo дr 16 till 21 еr. Andra namn fцr denna Canis lupus dingo, warrigal. Engelska namn pе дr Dingo.

Dingo bilder

Anvдnd vеr sцkfunktion och hitta en hundras som passar dig.