coronavirus_hund

Coronavirus infection of spotted hyenas in the Serengeti ecosystem

Sera from 38 free-ranging spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, were screened for exposure to coronavirus of antigenic group 1. An immunofluorescence assay indicated high levels of exposure to coronavirus among Serengeti hyenas: 95% when considering sera with titer levels of ≥1:10 and 74% when considering sera with titer levels of ≥1:40. Cubs had generally lower mean titer levels than adults. Exposure among Serengeti hyenas to coronavirus was also confirmed by a serum neutralisation assay and an ELISA. Application of RT-PCR to 27 fecal samples revealed viral RNA in three samples (11%). All three positive fecal samples were from the 15 juvenile animals (<24 months of age) sampled, and none from the 12 adults sampled. No viral RNA was detected in tissue samples (lymph node, intestine, lung) from 11 individuals. Sequencing of two amplified products from the S protein gene of a positive sample revealed the presence of coronavirus specific RNA with a sequence homology to canine coronavirus of 76 and 78% and to feline coronavirus type II of 80 and 84%, respectively. Estimation of the phylogenetic relationship among coronavirus isolates indicated considerable divergence of the hyena variant from those in European, American and Japanese domestic cats and dogs. From long-term observations of several hundred known individuals, the only clinical sign in hyenas consistent with those described for coronavirus infections in dogs and cats was diarrhea. There was no evidence that coronavirus infection in hyenas caused clinical signs similar to feline infectious peritonitis in domestic cats or was a direct cause of mortality in hyenas. To our knowledge, this is the first report of coronavirus infection in Hyaenidae.

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Mave-tarminfektion forårsaget af coronavirus og parvovirus

Parvovirusdiarré forekommer primært hos hunde under 6 måneder. Smittekilden er afføring fra smitteramte hunde. Symptomerne er først og fremmest brækninger og diarré, som kan være blodtilblandet. Der ses tillige feber, nedstemthed, dehydrering (udtørring/væskemangel) og appetitløshed. Der er således tale om en lidelse, der kan være livstruende.

Behandlingen består først og fremmest i behandling med væske (væsketransfusion) og forebyggende antibioticabehandling. Ved intensiv behandling tidligt i sygdomsforløbet, kan de fleste patienter reddes og komme til at fungere normalt igen.

Coronavirus kan forekomme hos hunde i alle aldre. Som ved Parvovirusdiarré er smittekilden afføring fra syge hunde. Lidelsen viser sig ved kortvarige brækninger samt diarré. Tillige ses nedstemthed og appetitløshed. Afføringen er karakteristisk orangefarvet, ildelugtende og kan være slimtilblandet. Diarréen vil oftest ophøre spontant efter 7 – 10 dage, men kan fortsætte i uger.

Behandlingen består af stoppende midler og eventuelt væsketilførsel og forebyggende antibioticabehandling.

Da parvovirusdiarré, som nævnt, er en alvorlig og i visse tilfælde livstruende lidelse, bliver de fleste hunde regelmæssigt vaccineret mod sygdommen.

Dette har reduceret antallet af sygdomstilfælde betydeligt. Se vaccination.

Infektion med coronavirus er, som det fremgår, ikke nogen særlig alvorlig lidelse.

Sandsynligvis går en række tilfælde af coronavirusinfektion ret upåagtet hen. Hunden har tynd afføring uden at være særlig påvirket. Man ser tiden an, og i løbet af nogle dage er infektionen overstået.

Imidlertid har nyere undersøgelser vist, at hunde, som er smittet med corona- og parvovirus samtidigt, forekommer ret hyppigt. I disse tilfælde er der tale om alvorlige sygdomsforløb. Det har vist sig, at de to virus, så at sige, kan supplere hinanden, så symptombilledet forværres betydeligt.

Denne kombinerede infektion kan give meget alvorlige symptomer. Der kan ses brækninger og diarré med blodtilblanding, feber, væskemangel, appetitløshed, og hunden er syg og svækket. Behandlingen består også her i intensiv væsketilførsel, antibioticabehandling, behandling med brækningsdæmpende og stoppende medicin samt ikke mindst omsorgsfuld og kærlig pleje.

Der er med andre ord tale om, at de to virus kan give anledning til meget dramatiske symptomer og et livstruende sygdomsforløb, når de forekommer på samme tidspunkt.

Ved at lade sin hund vaccinere mod såvel parvovirus som coronavirus, vil man kunne forebygge disse alvorlige tilfælde af mave- og tarminfektion.

Bagom artiklerne

Birthe Valling & Jens Bakkegaard

Birthe Valling: Dyrlæge og fagdyrlæge i hunde og kattesygdomme. Til dagligt arbejder Birthe sammen med dygtige kolleger på Helsinge Dyreklinik.

Jens Bakkegaard: Dyrlæge og leder af Hillerød Dyrehospital og Helsinge Hestehospital. En travl hverdag med mange spændende opgaver, -som giver stof til artikler på Dyrlægevagten

Artikler Hunde sygdomme

Informationer på Dyrlægevagten, erstatter ikke dyrlægekonsultation/diagnostisering eller anden form for professionel medicinsk behandling. Artiklerne er ikke et alternativ til at opsøge en dyrlæge eller diagnose for medicinsk behandling.

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Canine Corona/CPV Combined Virus Ag Rapid Test (Veterinary diagnostic kit)

Canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCV) that are potentially pathogens for enteritis. Although their symptoms are quite the same, their virulence is different. CCV is the second leading viral cause of diarrhea in puppies with canine parvovirus being the leader. Unlike CPV, CCV infections are not generally associated with high death rates. CCV is not new to the canine population. Dual CCV-CPV infections were identified in 15-25% of cases of severe enteritis in the USA. Another study showed that CCV was found in 44% of fatal gastro-enteritis cases that were initially identified as only CPV disease. CCV has been widespread among the canine population for many years. veterinary quick test. The age of dog is also important. If a disease occur in puppy, it often leads to death. In mature dog the symptoms are more gentle. The possibility for healing is higher. Puppies less than twelve weeks of age are at the greatest risk and some especially weaker ones will die if exposed and infected. A combined infection leads to a much more severe disease than occurs with either CCV or CPV alone, and is often fatal. veterinary quick test

CCV Ag / CPV Ag test kit is for the simultaneous detection of antigens of CCV and CPV in canine feces. The test results can appear on Control (C) and Test (T) lines where the principles of immunochromatography are used. veterinary quick test

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Be On Guard Against Giardia

Giardia is a protozoan parasite that can infect the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and is capable of causing diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss and lethargy — although many infected animals show no signs at all. It is common throughout the United States and can cause infections at almost any time of year. Unlike many other infectious organisms, giardia persists longer in the environment when conditions are cool and moist. Most dogs become infected by drinking water contaminated with feces. Giardia then infects the small intestine, and infected dogs pass microscopic cysts in their stool. These cysts can then infect another animal or person if ingested. Giardia cysts are very resistant in the environment, and can live for many months under the correct circumstances. These cysts are a threat to pet health, and giardia is a very common cause of pet diarrhea in the United States.

• All dogs — even those on year-round parasite preventives and those without diarrhea — should have at least one to two fecal samples performed annually as part of their wellness exam to screen for gastrointestinal parasites, including giardia.
• All dogs with symptoms of vomiting or diarrhea should be tested for giardia and other gastrointestinal parasites.
• All newly adopted dogs should be tested for these parasites before they are introduced to a new home, and all dogs returning from high-risk environments (e.g., kennels, dog shows, boarding facilities, etc.) should be tested.

Testing for Giardia

There is no perfect test for giardia. Giardia is an elusive parasite, and cysts are shed only intermittently from the gastrointestinal tract of an infected dog. A single fecal sample has only a 70 percent chance of detecting an infection. Performing three fecal samples within five consecutive days increases the chance of detection to greater than 90 percent. There are other tests such as the giardia ELISA that can be used with a routine fecal sample to increase the likelihood of a diagnosis to about 95 percent.

Treating Giardia

If your dog is diagnosed with giardia, he will likely be prescribed medication, and your veterinarian will recommend a follow-up fecal sample two weeks after treatment.

A dog should be bathed on his last day of treatment to eliminate all giardia cysts from his hair coat. Wearing gloves, you should bathe and rinse his whole body as normal and then focus last on his hind end. Do not touch the rest of his body after you have bathed and rinsed around the anus. This will eliminate spreading any remaining giardia cysts around his hair coat. Pet bowls, toys, etc., should be disinfected in either boiling water or in a high-temperature dishwasher. Upholstery and carpeting should be steam-cleaned and allowed to dry. Hard surfaces can be disinfected with a dilute bleach solution (3/4 cup of bleach mixed with 1 gallon of water) or a disinfecting household cleaning product.

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Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD)

What Are the Infectious Agents Involved with CIRD?

There are several different agents that can be the cause of CIRD. Bordetella bronchiseptica and mycoplasma are the most common viruses involved. Other causes are thought to be the reovirus, canine adenovirus type 2, and canine herpes. While all of these organisms can contribute to the disease, most cases of CIRD are the result of numerous organisms acting together.

Symptoms of CIRD in Dogs

CIRD can produce the following signs and symptoms in your pet:

• Dry coughing
• Hacking
• Retching
• Honking sound when coughing
• Watery discharge from eyes or nose
• Lethargy
• Fever
• Decrease in appetite
• Sudden lack of energy

The most common of these symptoms is a dry cough. In less severe cases, your dog may still be alert and energetic, with a healthy appetite. In more serious cases of CIRD, your dog will likely have a fever and show signs of severe lethargy. Decrease in appetite is usually present in more severe cases, as well. If left untreated, canine infectious respiratory disease can lead to death. Dogs with a compromised immune system and unvaccinated puppies have an increased risk for death or serious complications.

Diagnosing CIRD in Dogs

A veterinarian will diagnose your pet based on his symptoms and history of exposure to other dogs. Tests such as blood work, bacterial testing, and viral isolation may also be performed, but are often not necessary in a diagnosis.

Treating CIRD in Dogs

Depending on how severe the disease is, there are two possible treatments available for your pet. Most commonly, antibiotics are used, as well as cough suppressants and bronchodilators.

In more severe cases of CIRD, antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfa and doxycycline are used. Cough suppressants are not recommended in severe cases as there is an increased risk for immunosuppression when they are used. It is recommended that dogs suffering from CIRD wear a harness instead of a traditional neck collar to prevent choking and coughing.

Preventing CIRD in Dogs

The most effective way to prevent canine infectious respiratory disease is to avoid exposing your pet to other dogs, in particular, puppies. If this is not a possibility, vaccines are available. The injectable Bordetella vaccine and the Bordetella vaccine that is squirted into the nostrils are the most common vaccinations.

Strict hygiene should be practiced in kennels and other possible infected areas. Be sure to clean any kennel or area with a disinfectant before use. In addition, food and water bowls should be cleaned frequently to avoid viruses.

CIRD can also be prevented with frequent checkups with your veterinarian. Also keep in mind that CIRD viruses may be inside of your pet laying dormant. Even if the viruses are present, they may not exhibit any signs or symptoms for some time. Another important thing to remember is that the disease is best treated in the earliest stages. The sooner you catch the condition, the better the chances for a speedy and successful recovery.

Treatment for Pemphigus in Dogs

"The auto-immune disease pemphigus in dogs has four types: Pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus erythematosus and pemphigus vegetans. As a group, they are referred to as pemphigus complex, which includes various subtypes. All types affect your dog’s skin and mucous membranes at various skin depths by causing the skin to literally fall apart by eroding the mechanism that keeps skin cells attached. As this breaks down by the body's immune system response, scaling skin, scabbing, lesions and at times, pus filled sores start to form. "

Pemphigus in dogs is most difficult to deal with since it is an autoimmune disease. It means your dog’s immune system is declaring war on itself. It does this by attacking healthy cells found in the skin. This is a very difficult and painful disease to treat and often takes months of therapy. Some dogs don’t make it.

Pemphigus in Dogs Ears

Source: Washington State University

The four categories of pemphigus in dogs:

• Pemphigus foliaceus : usually affects the top layer of your dog’s skin on the nose bridge, eyes, groin, ears and footpads. It is a common canine immune mediated disease and the most common type of pemphigus in dogs.
• Pemphigus vulgaris : affects the mouth, nose, prepuce, anus, vaginal area
• Pemphigus erythematosus : attacks the skin on the face and on the ears
• Pemphigus vegetans : warty growths that may ulcerate. It is very rare.

Dog Pemphigus on Feet

Source: Washington State University

Typically, the type of pemphigus is diagnosed by what layer of the skin it affects. The most common form is Pemphigus foliaceus, which tends to surface in Dachshunds, Bearded Collies, Dobermans, Schipperke, Finish Spitz, Rotties, Chows and Newfoundland dogs.

There is also a condition called canine bullous pemphigold which is seen in Doberman Pinschers and a few other breeds. Here the body forms blisters that have a thick cover. Ulcers also form in the mouth, toenail beds and foot pads.

Pemphigus in Dogs Symptoms

This disease often affects dogs about 4 years old or older, but this isn’t to say that it can’t happen in younger dogs as well. Most often, Pemphigus will show up on the feet or head and generally starts out as pustules. It eventually progresses into severe crusting. The nose is usually involved and it may get discolored (caused by loss of pigmentation) and your dog will have a persistent and severe itch, not only in the nose, but in all the affected areas of their skin. If you detect any odd changes in your dog’s skin, don’t wait to talk to a vet. This disease is excruciatingly painful and often fatal if not treated promptly.

Pemphigus in Dogs Diagnosis

The first thing your vet will do is conduct a physical exam. They will be looking for blisters or eruptions in various areas on your dog. In order to tell what subtype of Pemphigus is causing your dog’s blistering; the vet will do a biopsy. Knowing the subtype is critical to deciding on a treatment regime and in determining a prognosis. Typically, unless your vet is highly experienced at dealing with skin lesions, the biopsy may be done by a dermatopathologist.

The vet will also be differentiating what they see from other possible diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, and while doing that, may also conduct immunohistochemical or direct immunofluorescent testing. They are looking for the desmoglein (a component of the dog’s skin) distribution. In some cases of Pemphigus, there is altered distribution, often a signpost of the disease. Blood tests for anti-plakin antibodies and desmoglein may also be used to assist in diagnosis.

Pemphigus in Dogs Treatment

The goal of dog pemphigus treatment is to stop the bodies destructive immune skin response. Treatment involves slowing down the immune system, while at the same time, protecting against infection that could form while the immune system is not functioning at full strength.

The only treatment that produces results for this condition involves being put on oral corticosteroids, along with other medications that suppress the immune system. All of these medications do have side effects that you will want to discuss with your vet. Ask questions to fully understand what you are dealing with and how to administer the medication properly.

Once you get the symptoms under control, a veterinarian will switch to the lowest dose needed to control the disease or to a different medication. This is done because these drugs have serious side effects. For example: dogs may drink excessively, urinate frequently and excessively, have a voracious appetite, and gain weight. They will pant a lot and will experience incontinence and possibly issues walking due to a significant weight gain. Controlling this disease is like walking a very fine line; you will need to be balanced in all that you do for your dog. Treatment is life long. Approximately 50% of dogs with pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus erythematosus can be kept symptom free. Other forms of the disease are more difficult to treat.

Dog that Recovered from Canine Pemphigus Foliaceus Symptoms after 4 months

Tip : Keep your dog out of the sun or use canine sun blocks (SPF 15 and above) such as Veterinarian's Best, as it makes the symptoms worse, particularly on depigmented areas of the nose. Apply as directed by manufacturer.

Below is a list of various drugs used for pemphigus in dogs. Please note that there are some natural remedies you may use, and they will be listed following the drugs.

• Steroids
  • Prednisone
  • Prednisolone
  • Dexamethasone – steroid
• Immunosupressants
  • Azathioprine (Imuran )
  • Tacrolimus (Fujimycin)
  • Chlorambucil (Leukeran)
• Topical corticosteroids
• Antibiotics for secondary infections
• Anti-bacterial baths – ask your vet about these
• Cyclosporine – being tested for use in dogs, still under consideration
• Metronidazole – being tested for use in dogs, still under consideration

Natural Remedies for Pemphigus in Dogs:

These types of products are used to help the body help itself through formulations that support the natural healing of the skin during recovery and to maintain skin and coat condition after recovery from pemphigus in dogs.

• Skin and Coat Tonic to help the body restore skin condition

Other natural approaches that might bring some relief:

• Acupuncture
• Acupressure
• Reiki or Meridian touch therapy

References for Pemphigus in Dogs

Skin Diseases of Dogs and Cats

Dr. Steven A. Melman

Have A Question about Your Dog's Skin Condition or Do You Have a Helpful Story to Share?

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We always give our honest opinions, findings, beliefs, or experiences.

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Tularemia in Dogs

Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, is an uncommon condition that is caused by the Francisella tularensis. The disease may affect birds, other mammals and humans as well. The disease may be eliminated through a cure of antibiotics.

Causes of Tularemia in Dogs

Tularemia is caused by the F. tularensis bacteria that may be contracted from animals that carry this bacterium. The bacteria may also be transmitted through tick bites. The ticks that may carry the bacteria are:

The ticks may catch the bacteria by feeding on infected birds or animals.

Fleas may also transmit the bacteria, in the same way as ticks.

There are 2 known types of F. tularensis bacteria, type A is more common in humans and can cause more severe symptoms, while type B is more difficult to treat, as it has several development stages, but will be relatively easy to eliminate.

Symptoms of Rabbit Fever

The rabbit fever may cause symptoms such as:

• Lack of appetite
• Fever
• Agitation
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Swelling of lymph nodes, typically the nodes that are closer to the tick bite that has caused the infection

The symptoms may only appear 2 to 6 weeks after the dog is infected with the bacteria.

Puppies will typically have more severe reactions and may lose weight and become lethargic and seriously dehydrated.

Diagnosing Tularemia in Dogs

The presence of the F. tularensis can be detected by performing a simple blood test. The test will show that there are tularensis antibodies in the dog’s blood. However, the antibodies may not be detected in the early stages of the disease, immediately after the dog has contracted the bacteria. Consequently, if the vet suspects tularemia, he may want to repeat the tests in 2 to 4 weeks.

Alternatively, the vet may perform a tissue sample test or a secretion test, which should contain the F. tularensis bacteria even in the early stages of the disease.

Treating Tularemia in Canines

In dogs, the infection will be treated with a cure of antibiotics. Typically, any types of antibiotics should work in eliminating the bacteria. However, you have to make sure your dog is not allergic to the antibiotics that your vet prescribed.

The treatment should be administered for 10 to 21 days, depending on how advanced the infection is.

Preventing Tularemia

You can prevent the rabbit fever in your pet by limiting his exposure to infected animals (i.e. birds and rodents). Flea control is also important, as fleas may be carriers of the bacteria.

Avoid areas with ticks, as they can also transmit the disease.

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease, so you can catch the bacteria from your dog. Consequently, you should be cautious when dealing with your pet, if he is affected by tularemia. If you get infected, you will notice symptoms such as lymph node inflammation and you need to get antibiotics such as gentamicin or streptomycin.